Справочник
Шпаргалки по грамматике и лексике
Расширенные таблицы: времена, неправильные глаголы, связки с переводом, словообразование и управление глаголов. Удобно держать открытым рядом с занятиями.
Irregular verbs
Неправильные глаголы: V1 (инфинитив) → V2 (Past Simple) → V3 (причастие II / Past Participle). У get в AmE часто gotten в значении «получить», в BrE чаще got.
Глагол lie «лежать» — lie — lay — lain; lay «класть» — lay — laid — laid. Не путать с lie — lied — lied (лгать).
| V1 | V2 (Past) | V3 (Participle) |
|---|---|---|
| abide | abode / abided | abode / abided |
| arise | arose | arisen |
| be | was / were | been |
| bear | bore | borne / born |
| beat | beat | beaten |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| bend | bent | bent |
| bet | bet | bet |
| bid (offer) | bid | bid |
| bite | bit | bitten |
| bleed | bled | bled |
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| breed | bred | bred |
| bring | brought | brought |
| broadcast | broadcast / broadcasted | broadcast / broadcasted |
| build | built | built |
| burn | burnt / burned | burnt / burned |
| burst | burst | burst |
| buy | bought | bought |
| cast | cast | cast |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| cling | clung | clung |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| creep | crept | crept |
| cut | cut | cut |
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| dig | dug | dug |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| dream | dreamt / dreamed | dreamt / dreamed |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| flee | fled | fled |
| fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forecast | forecast / forecasted | forecast / forecasted |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| forsake | forsook | forsaken |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| get | got | got / gotten |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown |
| hang | hung | hung |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| keep | kept | kept |
| kneel | knelt / kneeled | knelt / kneeled |
| knit | knit / knitted | knit / knitted |
| know | knew | known |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| lean | leant / leaned | leant / leaned |
| leap | leapt / leaped | leapt / leaped |
| learn | learnt / learned | learnt / learned |
| leave | left | left |
| lend | lent | lent |
| let | let | let |
| lie (recline) | lay | lain |
| light | lit / lighted | lit / lighted |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| mean | meant | meant |
| meet | met | met |
| mow | mowed | mown / mowed |
| pay | paid | paid |
| put | put | put |
| read | read | read |
| rid | rid | rid |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run |
| saw | sawed | sawn / sawed |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| seek | sought | sought |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| set | set | set |
| sew | sewed | sewn / sewed |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| shed | shed | shed |
| shine | shone / shined | shone / shined |
| shoot | shot | shot |
| show | showed | shown |
| shrink | shrank / shrunk | shrunk / shrunken |
| shut | shut | shut |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sink | sank | sunk |
| sit | sat | sat |
| slay | slew | slain |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| slide | slid | slid |
| sling | slung | slung |
| slit | slit | slit |
| smell | smelt / smelled | smelt / smelled |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| speed | sped / speeded | sped / speeded |
| spell | spelt / spelled | spelt / spelled |
| spend | spent | spent |
| spill | spilt / spilled | spilt / spilled |
| spin | spun | spun |
| spit | spat / spit | spat / spit |
| split | split | split |
| spoil | spoilt / spoiled | spoilt / spoiled |
| spread | spread | spread |
| spring | sprang / sprung | sprung |
| stand | stood | stood |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| stick | stuck | stuck |
| sting | stung | stung |
| stink | stank / stunk | stunk |
| stride | strode | stridden |
| strike | struck | struck / stricken |
| strive | strove / strived | striven / strived |
| swear | swore | sworn |
| sweep | swept | swept |
| swell | swelled | swollen / swelled |
| swim | swam | swum |
| swing | swung | swung |
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tear | tore | torn |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| thrust | thrust | thrust |
| tread | trod | trodden / trod |
| understand | understood | understood |
| upset | upset | upset |
| wake | woke / waked | woken / waked |
| wear | wore | worn |
| weave | wove / weaved | woven / weaved |
| weep | wept | wept |
| wet | wet / wetted | wet / wetted |
| win | won | won |
| wind | wound | wound |
| wring | wrung | wrung |
| write | wrote | written |
В таблице: 157 глаголов. Варианты через «/» — британский и американский или равноправные формы.
Tense cheat sheets
Когда какое время: формула, типичные маркеры и пример.
| Время | Формула | Маркеры (EN) | Когда (RU) | Пример |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present SimpleНастоящее простое | V / V+s (he works) | always, usually, often, every day | привычки, расписания, общие факты | She commutes by train. / Water boils at 100°C. |
| Present ContinuousНастоящее длительное | am/is/are + V-ing | now, right now, at the moment, currently | происходит сейчас; временная ситуация | I am reviewing the PRs today. |
| Present PerfectНастоящее совершённое | have/has + V3 | already, yet, ever, never, just, since, for | опыт, результат «к настоящему»; недавнее | We have deployed the fix. / I have lived here since 2020. |
| Present Perfect ContinuousНаст. соверш. длительное | have/has been + V-ing | for two hours, since Monday, all day | акция длилась и ещё актуальна / виден эффект | She has been coding all afternoon — she needs a break. |
| Past SimpleПрошедшее простое | V2 (irregular) / V-ed | yesterday, ago, in 2019, last week | завершённое действие в прошлом | They launched the beta last Tuesday. |
| Past ContinuousПрошедшее длительное | was/were + V-ing | while, when, at 8 p.m. | процесс в прошлом; фон для другого события | I was reading when you called. |
| Past PerfectПрошедшее предшествующее | had + V3 | before, after, by the time | «раньше чем» другое событие в прошлом | She had left before I arrived. |
| Past Perfect ContinuousПрош. предш. длительное | had been + V-ing | for / since (до точки в прошлом) | длительность до момента в прошлом | He had been waiting for an hour when the bus came. |
| Future Simple (will)Будущее (will) | will + V | I think, probably, I promise | спонтанное решение; прогноз; обещание | I will send the file in five minutes. |
| be going toСобираться (going to) | am/is/are going to + V | plan, intention, evidence | план, намерение; признаки будущего | We are going to migrate to the new stack next quarter. |
| Future ContinuousБудущее длительное | will be + V-ing | this time tomorrow, at 6 p.m. next Friday | процесс в конкретный момент в будущем | This time tomorrow I will be flying to London. |
| Future PerfectБудущее совершённое | will have + V3 | by 2030, by the time… | к моменту в будущем уже выполнено | By June we will have finished the course. |
Grammar patterns
Устойчивые связки: шаблон, смысл по-русски, пример предложения.
| Шаблон | По-русски | Пример |
|---|---|---|
so + adj/adv + that | такой …, что / настолько …, что | It was so cold that we stayed inside. |
such + (a/an) + noun + that | такой …, что (с существительным) | It was such a good talk that I took three pages of notes. |
too + adj/adv + to + V | слишком …, чтобы (отриц. результат) | The box was too heavy to lift alone. |
adj/adv + enough + to + V | достаточно …, чтобы | She is old enough to vote. |
not only … but also … | не только …, но и … | Not only does she lead the team, but she also mentors juniors. |
either … or … | либо …, либо … | We can either postpone the release or ship a hotfix. |
neither … nor … | ни …, ни … | Neither the API nor the dashboard was updated. |
both … and … | и …, и … | Both the design and the copy need a refresh. |
hardly … when / no sooner … than | едва …, как / как только …, тут же | Hardly had we started when the alarm went off. |
the more … the more | чем …, тем … | The more you practice, the faster you improve. |
would rather + V (than) | предпочёл бы … (чем) | I would rather walk than sit in traffic. |
had better + V | лучше бы (совет/предупреждение) | You had better save your work before the update. |
It’s time + Past Simple | пора (субъективно «уже поздно») | It’s time we left — the last train is soon. |
wish + Past Simple | жаль, что сейчас не так (нереально в настоящем) | I wish I knew the answer. |
wish + Past Perfect | жаль о прошлом (уже не изменить) | I wish I had applied earlier. |
If I were you, … | на твоём месте (совет) | If I were you, I would negotiate the deadline. |
unless + clause | если не / пока не | Unless we test this, we shouldn’t deploy. |
provided (that) / as long as | при условии что / до тех пор пока | You can work remotely as long as you attend stand-ups. |
in spite of / despite + noun/V-ing | несмотря на | Despite feeling tired, she finished the report. |
due to / owing to + noun | из-за, благодаря (формально) | The delay was due to a third-party outage. |
Word forms / verb patterns
Словообразование (корень → другая часть речи) и с чем употребляются частые глаголы: to + V или V-ing.
Словоформы: глагол ↔ существительное ↔ прилагательное
| База | Форма 2 | Форма 3 | Подсказка |
|---|---|---|---|
| decide | decision | decisive / decided | решить → решение → решительный |
| analyze | analysis | analytical | Br analyse |
| apply | application | applicable | применить → заявление / приложение |
| choose | choice | choosy | choose → choice (не choosed) |
| strong | strength | strengthen | прил. → сущ. → глагол |
| wide | width | widen | широкий → ширина → расширять |
| happy | happiness | unhappy | y → i + -ness |
| able | ability | disabled | -le → -ility |
| employ | employee / employer | employment | наниматель / нанятый |
| science | scientist | scientific | сущ. → человек → прил. |
| economy | economist | economic / economical | разные значения! |
| create | creation / creativity | creative | creator — автор |
| compete | competition | competitive | pete → petition pattern |
| prefer | preference | preferable | двойная f |
| maintain | maintenance | maintainable | нет -ance от maintain напрямую |
Герундий и инфинитив: глагол + to V
| Глаголы (группа) | Паттерн | По-русски | Пример |
|---|---|---|---|
| want, need, hope, decide, plan, afford, agree, refuse, promise, threaten | to + V | инфинитив с to | She decided to postpone the meeting. |
| would like, would love, would hate, would prefer | to + V | вежливое желание | I would like to see the roadmap. |
| learn, teach, help | to + V / bare infinitive | часто to; help часто без to (AmE) | He taught me to debug faster. / Help me fix this. |
| ask, tell, order, warn, remind, allow, encourage, expect, want | object + to + V | дополнение + инфинитив | They asked us to sign the NDA. |
| make, let | object + bare V | без to после make/let | The rules make us rethink the design. |
| see, hear, watch, notice | object + V-ing / bare V | процесс (-ing) vs целиком (bare) | I saw him leaving. / I saw him leave. |
Герундий: глагол + V-ing (и ловушки с to)
| Глаголы / случай | Паттерн | По-русски | Пример |
|---|---|---|---|
| enjoy, finish, mind, suggest, admit, deny, avoid, consider, postpone, risk, keep | V-ing | только герундий | I enjoy working with this stack. |
| stop | V-ing vs to + V | stop doing — прекратить; stop to do — остановиться, чтобы | Stop talking. / I stopped to drink water. |
| remember, forget, try | V-ing vs to + V | разный смысл! | Remember to call. / I remember calling him. Try restarting / Try to rest. |
| go | go + V-ing (activities) | идти заниматься | We went swimming after work. |
| be used to, look forward to, object to, confess to | to + V-ing (!) | to здесь предлог → -ing | I am used to waking up early. |
Кратко: после предлога почти всегда -ing (without doing, before leaving). После to как части инфинитива — to + V; но в look forward to, be used to слово to — предлог → to + V-ing.
Prepositions cheats
Устойчивые глагол + предлог и короткий перевод.
| English | По-русски |
|---|---|
| depend on / upon | зависеть от |
| believe in | верить в (идею/человека) |
| apologize for | извиниться за |
| succeed in | преуспеть в |
| insist on | настаивать на |
| dream of / about | мечтать о |
| good at / bad at | силён / слаб в |
| afraid of | бояться |
| famous for | известен чем |
| responsible for | ответственен за |
| interested in | заинтересован в |
| keen on | увлечён / заинтересован (UK) |
| different from / to / than | отличаться от (варианты) |
| suffer from | страдать от |
| recover from | восстанавливаться после |
| complain about | жаловаться на |
| warn about / of | предупреждать о |
| think of / about | думать о |
| hear about / of | слышать о |
| protect from / against | защищать от |
| prevent from | мешать / не дать |
| accuse of | обвинять в |
| suspect of | подозревать в |
| consist of | состоять из |
| deal with | иметь дело с / решать |
Sentence templates
Каркасы для письма и устной речи.
- Мнение: In my view, … However, … / Personally, I believe …
- Причина и следствие: Because of X, we had to Y. As a result, … / Consequently, …
- Вежливая просьба: Would you mind if I …? / Could you possibly …? / I was wondering if you could …
- Совет / гипотеза: If I were you, I would … / It might be worth …-ing.
- Согласие с оговоркой: I agree up to a point, but … / That’s true to some extent; however, …
- Структура эссе: On the one hand, … On the other hand, … / To sum up, …